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United Kingdom – Plant breeders to benefit from online research toolsSelect
April 3, 2024
 An exciting new project will look to put cutting-edge research tools in the hands of plant breeders, providing access to genomic resources to accelerate the development of more resilient and climate-resistant crops.The collaboration brings together the collective expertise of the Earlham Institute, IBM Research, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Hartree Centre, and RAGT Seeds UK with the aim of simplifying and speeding up the transition of cutting-edge genome research tools, workflows, and software into industrial applications.The one-year Excelerate project is part of the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation (HNCDI) programme from STFC designed to close the gap between academic and industrial applications of digital technologies – such as artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.The UK is home to some of the most exciting and innovative life science research. Institutions are pioneering the use of new technologies to overcome issues of scale and complexity in data-intensive bioscience, such as developing approaches that could be used to accelerate crop breeding in line with EU safety and ethical regulations.At the Earlham Institute, this includes crop pangenomes and the tools required to analyse them, developed through its Decoding Biodiversity strategic programme – funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UKRI.But the transition of this knowledge into usable technology – and its uptake by industry – remains a significant challenge.“Modern plant breeding practices are based on understanding and then using genetic resources – made possible by digital innovations – that breeders can incorporate into their programmes,” Professor Anthony Hall, project lead and Head of Plant Genomics at the Earlham Institute explained.“Bioinformatics and machine learning techniques are playing an increasingly important role in deciphering genetic diversity. But they bring significant overheads in terms of the bioinformatics skills and computing power required to develop and implement new workflows.”The plant breeding industry has a crucial role to play in addressing the global challenges of food security, water conservation, and net zero. To realise the enormous potential of UK science and innovation, initiatives are needed to bridge the gap between research and industry.This new project brings together leaders from academia and industry to provide cloud-based tools that can be easily adopted by the plant breeding companies to support the development of next-generation crops with greater climate resilience and improved nutritional properties.The Earlham Institute is working with IBM Research and STFC to develop new cloud-based tools – including those optimised for exploring plant pangenomes – which RAGT Seeds UK will be road testing.“The Earlham Institute is home to some amazing research infrastructure, innovation, and expertise,” says Professor Hall. “This helps us to develop the technology needed to answer the big questions that will be critical in addressing urgent global challenges, such as how we find new sources of diversity for breeding more resilient crops.”
 The project team photographed with the London skyline behind them.
The project team from left to right: Robin Kennedy Reid, STFC, Rachel Rusholme-Pilcher, Earlham Institute, Laura Jayne-Gardiner, IBM Research, Will Davies, STFC, Anthony Hall, Earlham Institute, Chris Burt, Heidi Town, and John Baison, RAGT Seeds UK.
 Dr Rachel Rusholme-Pilcher is a Senior Postdoctoral Researcher at the Earlham Institute, and has played a central role in developing the workflows that will be used in this partnership.“The tools we’re developing and optimising will allow plant breeders to interact with their complex datasets in a way they simply couldn’t before,” explained Dr Rusholme-Pilcher. “It should provide new information they can rapidly incorporate into their existing breeding programmes.“We’ll also be using this project to look at how we can embed the adoption of FAIR approaches – the movement to make all research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Making this kind of research FAIR can be a challenge but these collaborations will hopefully change that – transforming the impact of emerging technologies.”Excelerate is one strand of a number of projects from HNCDI embedding AI solutions across UK industry. To both accelerate and simplify the adoption of compute intensive bioinformatics workflows in the plant breeding industry, this project will use an on-demand, scalable, Hybrid Cloud delivery model.Dr Laura-Jayne Gardiner, Senior Research Scientist at IBM Research, said: “Our HNCDI Excelerate projects are enabling businesses to adopt new technologies – including artificial intelligence and hybrid cloud – to overcome industrial challenges, such as allowing complex biological data analytics at increased scale and speed.”Robin Kennedy-Reid, Senior Research Software Engineer at the STFC Hartree Centre, said: “At the Hartree Centre, we use applied research and innovation to turn good ideas into industry-ready solutions for long-term societal and economic impact. This is made possible by working with a network of partners, both industry and academic leaders, as well as drawing on the work of open source communities like nf-core.“In this project, this will deliver new bioinformatics and machine learning capability to the plant breeding industry; with a view to assisting the search for more sustainable wheat varieties.”Dr John Baison, Cereals Research and Genomics Manager at RAGT Seeds UK, said: “Genome-based breeding holds promise for expediting wheat breeding, aiming to ensure sustainable wheat production by creating high-yielding, climate-resilient cultivars with superior nutritional quality.“The plant-breeding sector is positioning to confront these targets by leveraging the dynamic UK research community. However, bridging the gap between research and industry is crucial for optimising the potential of UK science and innovation.“As RAGT delves deeper into genomics activities, it has become increasingly evident that we must harness advanced computing tools to navigate the vast amounts of data generated from genetics and genomics projects. RAGT is excited to be at the forefront of this collaborative effort, which could revolutionise the application of genomics to plant breeding.” 

More news from:
    . Earlham Institute
    . RAGT Seeds Limited
Websitehttp://www.earlham.ac.ukPublished: April 3, 2024
The news item on this page is copyright by the organization where it originated
Fair use notice
United Kingdom – Plant breeders to benefit from online research toolsSelect
April 3, 2024
 An exciting new project will look to put cutting-edge research tools in the hands of plant breeders, providing access to genomic resources to accelerate the development of more resilient and climate-resistant crops.The collaboration brings together the collective expertise of the Earlham Institute, IBM Research, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Hartree Centre, and RAGT Seeds UK with the aim of simplifying and speeding up the transition of cutting-edge genome research tools, workflows, and software into industrial applications.The one-year Excelerate project is part of the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation (HNCDI) programme from STFC designed to close the gap between academic and industrial applications of digital technologies – such as artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.The UK is home to some of the most exciting and innovative life science research. Institutions are pioneering the use of new technologies to overcome issues of scale and complexity in data-intensive bioscience, such as developing approaches that could be used to accelerate crop breeding in line with EU safety and ethical regulations.At the Earlham Institute, this includes crop pangenomes and the tools required to analyse them, developed through its Decoding Biodiversity strategic programme – funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UKRI.But the transition of this knowledge into usable technology – and its uptake by industry – remains a significant challenge.“Modern plant breeding practices are based on understanding and then using genetic resources – made possible by digital innovations – that breeders can incorporate into their programmes,” Professor Anthony Hall, project lead and Head of Plant Genomics at the Earlham Institute explained.“Bioinformatics and machine learning techniques are playing an increasingly important role in deciphering genetic diversity. But they bring significant overheads in terms of the bioinformatics skills and computing power required to develop and implement new workflows.”The plant breeding industry has a crucial role to play in addressing the global challenges of food security, water conservation, and net zero. To realise the enormous potential of UK science and innovation, initiatives are needed to bridge the gap between research and industry.This new project brings together leaders from academia and industry to provide cloud-based tools that can be easily adopted by the plant breeding companies to support the development of next-generation crops with greater climate resilience and improved nutritional properties.The Earlham Institute is working with IBM Research and STFC to develop new cloud-based tools – including those optimised for exploring plant pangenomes – which RAGT Seeds UK will be road testing.“The Earlham Institute is home to some amazing research infrastructure, innovation, and expertise,” says Professor Hall. “This helps us to develop the technology needed to answer the big questions that will be critical in addressing urgent global challenges, such as how we find new sources of diversity for breeding more resilient crops.”
 The project team photographed with the London skyline behind them.
The project team from left to right: Robin Kennedy Reid, STFC, Rachel Rusholme-Pilcher, Earlham Institute, Laura Jayne-Gardiner, IBM Research, Will Davies, STFC, Anthony Hall, Earlham Institute, Chris Burt, Heidi Town, and John Baison, RAGT Seeds UK.
 Dr Rachel Rusholme-Pilcher is a Senior Postdoctoral Researcher at the Earlham Institute, and has played a central role in developing the workflows that will be used in this partnership.“The tools we’re developing and optimising will allow plant breeders to interact with their complex datasets in a way they simply couldn’t before,” explained Dr Rusholme-Pilcher. “It should provide new information they can rapidly incorporate into their existing breeding programmes.“We’ll also be using this project to look at how we can embed the adoption of FAIR approaches – the movement to make all research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Making this kind of research FAIR can be a challenge but these collaborations will hopefully change that – transforming the impact of emerging technologies.”Excelerate is one strand of a number of projects from HNCDI embedding AI solutions across UK industry. To both accelerate and simplify the adoption of compute intensive bioinformatics workflows in the plant breeding industry, this project will use an on-demand, scalable, Hybrid Cloud delivery model.Dr Laura-Jayne Gardiner, Senior Research Scientist at IBM Research, said: “Our HNCDI Excelerate projects are enabling businesses to adopt new technologies – including artificial intelligence and hybrid cloud – to overcome industrial challenges, such as allowing complex biological data analytics at increased scale and speed.”Robin Kennedy-Reid, Senior Research Software Engineer at the STFC Hartree Centre, said: “At the Hartree Centre, we use applied research and innovation to turn good ideas into industry-ready solutions for long-term societal and economic impact. This is made possible by working with a network of partners, both industry and academic leaders, as well as drawing on the work of open source communities like nf-core.“In this project, this will deliver new bioinformatics and machine learning capability to the plant breeding industry; with a view to assisting the search for more sustainable wheat varieties.”Dr John Baison, Cereals Research and Genomics Manager at RAGT Seeds UK, said: “Genome-based breeding holds promise for expediting wheat breeding, aiming to ensure sustainable wheat production by creating high-yielding, climate-resilient cultivars with superior nutritional quality.“The plant-breeding sector is positioning to confront these targets by leveraging the dynamic UK research community. However, bridging the gap between research and industry is crucial for optimising the potential of UK science and innovation.“As RAGT delves deeper into genomics activities, it has become increasingly evident that we must harness advanced computing tools to navigate the vast amounts of data generated from genetics and genomics projects. RAGT is excited to be at the forefront of this collaborative effort, which could revolutionise the application of genomics to plant breeding.” 

More news from:
    . Earlham Institute
    . RAGT Seeds Limited
Websitehttp://www.earlham.ac.ukPublished: April 3, 2024
The news item on this page is copyright by the organization where it originated
Fair use notice

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Saturday, 09 March 2024 10:37:00

Grahame Jackson posted a new submission ‘LETHAL YELLOWING, COCONUT PALM – JAMAICA’

Submission

LETHAL YELLOWING, COCONUT PALM – JAMAICA

ProMED
http://www.promedmail.org

Source: Jamaica Observer [summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2024/03/05/spread-lethal-yellowing-disease-reduced-70/

Through the work of the Coconut Industry Board (CIB), Jamaica has been able to reduce the spread of the lethal yellowing disease in the coconut industry by 70%. CIB have contributed significantly through research which has allowed the development of varieties and hybrids with optimum resistance/tolerance to lethal yellowing. In addition, increased yields are obtained from these locally developed varieties that are adapting better to the climatic conditions.

Within the region, the disease was first discovered in the Cayman Islands in 1834 and was found in Jamaica in 1884. It became a real threat to Jamaica after 1961 and became even more significant in the 1970s when some 10 million trees of the ‘Jamaican Tall’ variety were destroyed. Lethal yellowing has caused severe economic losses in Jamaica.

Communicated by:
ProMED

[Lethal yellowing (LY) diseases of coconut and other palms are caused by phytoplasmas of the palm lethal yellowing (16SrIV; _Candidatus_ Phytoplasma palmae strains) group. A number of LY strains have been described from the Caribbean, Latin America, Africa and southern Asia. LY has seriously jeopardised coconut industries in the respective areas. LY-type diseases like Cape St Paul wilt (CSPW) in Ghana, the “maladie de Kaincope” in Togo and Awka disease (lethal decline, LD) in Nigeria, previously included in the 16SrIV group, have been reclassified as the new group 16SrXXII (Nigerian coconut lethal decline group, _Ca._ P. palmicola strains; see link below).

Symptoms include premature nut drop, blackening of inflorescences, yellowing of fronds; death of the palm usually occurs within 4 to 6 months. The planthopper _Myndus crudus_ is suspected to be the vector in the Americas, but different vectors may be involved in the spread of LY strains elsewhere. Seed transmission of the pathogens cannot be excluded; some weed species may serve as pathogen reservoirs. Jumps of LY across apparently unaffected coconut populations have been observed, possibly due to aerial spread of infectious vector insects or human activities. Even with strict controls, including certification of nuts and their parent trees, excluding infectious vector insects requires large quarantine efforts.

While LY affects many palm species, at least for coconut palm susceptibility may vary between cultivars or even within cultivars, depending on the region where they grow. Symptoms can be suppressed by tetracycline treatments, usually applied as trunk injections. The antibiotic inhibits multiplication of the pathogens but does not eliminate them. Therefore, treatments need to be repeated regularly. Commercial control of the diseases mostly relies on phytosanitation followed by replanting with resistant varieties.

An unexplained resistance breakdown of some widely used hybrids occurred earlier in Jamaica (ProMED post 20070522.1643) and caused great concern.

Pictures
LY symptoms on coconut and other palms:
https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/images/LethalYellowingFoliarSymptoms.jpg,
https://bugwoodcloud.org/images/768×512/1504008.jpg,
https://guyanachronicle.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Lethal-Yellowing.jpg (leaf) and
http://www.cphdforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/LethalYellowingCoconutSymptom.jpg (fruit)
_Myndus crudus_:
https://bugwoodcloud.org/images/768×512/0725079.jpg

Links
Story also at:
https://jis.gov.jm/spread-of-lethal-yellowing-disease-reduced-by-70/ and
https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20240304/spread-lethal-yellowing-disease-coconut-industry-reduced-70
Lethal yellowing information:
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.38647,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01521,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2011.00480.x,
https://www.cphdforum.org/index.php/2015/06/03/about-lethal-yellowing-of-coconut/,
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp146 and
https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/prokaryote/pdlessons/Pages/LethalYellowing.aspx
16SrIV LY phytoplasma group taxonomy and species list:
https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/85624
16SrXXII classification of some LY-type diseases:
https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65000-0
16SrXXII LDN phytoplasma group taxonomy:
https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/590462
Phytoplasma resource centre:
https://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/phytoplasma.html
Information on LY vectors via:
https://bugguide.net/node/view/63
– Mod.DHA


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Friday, 09 February 2024 06:22:21

PestNet

Grahame Jackson posted a new submission ‘Identification of self- and pathogen-targeted miRNAs from resistant and susceptible Theobroma cacao variety to black pod disease’

Submission

Identification of self- and pathogen-targeted miRNAs from resistant and susceptible Theobroma cacao variety to black pod disease

Narute Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 3272 (2024) 

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a highly valuable crop with growing demand in the global market. However, cacao farmers often face challenges posed by black pod disease caused by Phytophthora spp., with P. palmivora being the most dominant. Regulations of various gene expressions influence plant resistance to pathogens. One mechanism involves targeting the mRNA of virulence genes in the invading pathogens, suppressing their infection. However, resistance also could be suppressed by plant-derived miRNAs that target their own defence genes. The objective of this study is to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in black pod-resistant and susceptible cacao varieties and to predict their targets in T. cacao and P. palmivora transcripts. Extracted miRNA from resistant and susceptible varieties of T. Cacao was sequenced, identified, and matched to host and pathogen mRNA. In total, 54 known miRNAs from 40 miRNA families and 67 novel miRNAs were identified. Seventeen miRNAs were differentially expressed in susceptible variety compared to resistant one, with 9 miRNAs upregulated and 8 miRNAs downregulated. In T. cacao transcripts, the upregulated miRNAs were predicted to target several genes, including defence genes. The suppression of these defense genes can lead to a reduction in plant resistance against pathogen infection. In P. palmivora transcripts, the upregulated miRNAs were predicted to target several genes, including P. palmivora effector genes. In the future, limiting expression of miRNAs that target T. cacao’s defence genes and applying miRNAs that target P. palmivora effector genes hold promise for enhancing cacao plant resistance against P. palmivora infection.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53685-x


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New study finds corn genome can gang up on multiple pathogens at once

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, CONSUMER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Tiffany Jamann
IMAGE: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PLANT PATHOLOGIST TIFFANY JAMANN (PICTURED) AND HER TEAM IDENTIFIED GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FOUR MAJOR DISEASES OF MAIZE, PAVING THE WAY FOR FUTURE BREEDING PROGRAMS THAT COULD DEVELOP MULTIPLE-DISEASE-RESISTANT HYBRIDS. view more CREDIT: PROVIDED BY TIFFANY JAMANN, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.

URBANA, Ill. — In a changing climate, corn growers need to be ready for anything, including new and shifting disease dynamics. Because it’s impossible to predict which damaging disease will pop up in a given year, corn with resistance to multiple diseases would be a huge win for growers. Now, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers are moving the industry closer to that goal. 

Goss’s wilt, a bacterial disease, and fungal diseases gray leaf spot, northern corn leaf blight, and southern corn leaf blight are important to growers across the Midwestern U.S. and, in some cases, globally. The study, published in G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, reveals genomic regions associated with resistance to all four diseases.

“We not only found regions of the genome conferring resistance to each disease, but also identified a handful of experimental corn lines that were resistant to all of them. These findings should help the industry develop materials with resistance to multiple diseases at once,” said Tiffany Jamann, senior author of the new study and associate professor in the Department of Crop Sciences, part of the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES) at U. of I.

The team made several strategic crosses between disease-resistant and susceptible corn lines that let them map resistance traits to specific locations in the genome. For now, those regions are fairly large, comprising hundreds of individual genes. If there are specific genes with outsized effects, they haven’t been identified yet. 

Still, identifying important regions is helpful, as disease resistance rarely comes down to a single gene. In fact, the additive or quantitative power of multiple genes working together can mean more durable resistance. There’s a backup if a pathogen finds a way around a given resistance mechanism. Interestingly, this durability may even work against different groups of pathogens. 

“We found 19 regions associated with resistance to the bacterial disease Goss’s wilt. Several of those regions are also involved with resistance to fungal pathogens,” Jamann said. “Thus, it is possible to breed for resistance to several diseases at one time using the same genetic regions.”

Fungi and bacteria are very different biologically, but both have to find ways to get into the plant, travel throughout, and reproduce. Jamann says it’s possible that resistance genes trigger changes in the plant’s vasculature to make it harder for both kinds of pathogens to move around, but she still can’t say exactly how the genes help plants protect themselves. She’s working on it, though, thanks to a 2022 grant from the National Science Foundation.  

Although the team identified three corn lines with resistance to all four diseases, it will be a while before growers can purchase seed for multiple-resistant corn as a result of this work. First, Jamann’s team will fine-map the regions highlighted in this study to find any major-effect genes, then pass that information off to breeders who can develop hardy new hybrids. Still, Jamann says, multiple resistance is on its way.  

The study, “Identification of loci conferring resistance to four foliar diseases of maize,” is published in G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics [DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad275]. Authors include Yuting Qiu, Pragya Adhikari, Peter Balint-Kurti, and Tiffany Jamann. The research was supported by USDA Hatch Project ILLU-802-985 and the National Science Foundation under award no. 2154872. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


JOURNAL

G3 Genes Genomes Genetics

DOI

10.1093/g3journal/jkad275 

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy 

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NEWS RELEASE 7-FEB-2024

EurekAlert

New study finds corn genome can gang up on multiple pathogens at once

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, CONSUMER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Tiffany Jamann
IMAGE: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PLANT PATHOLOGIST TIFFANY JAMANN (PICTURED) AND HER TEAM IDENTIFIED GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FOUR MAJOR DISEASES OF MAIZE, PAVING THE WAY FOR FUTURE BREEDING PROGRAMS THAT COULD DEVELOP MULTIPLE-DISEASE-RESISTANT HYBRIDS. view more CREDIT: PROVIDED BY TIFFANY JAMANN, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.

URBANA, Ill. — In a changing climate, corn growers need to be ready for anything, including new and shifting disease dynamics. Because it’s impossible to predict which damaging disease will pop up in a given year, corn with resistance to multiple diseases would be a huge win for growers. Now, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers are moving the industry closer to that goal. 

Goss’s wilt, a bacterial disease, and fungal diseases gray leaf spot, northern corn leaf blight, and southern corn leaf blight are important to growers across the Midwestern U.S. and, in some cases, globally. The study, published in G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, reveals genomic regions associated with resistance to all four diseases.

“We not only found regions of the genome conferring resistance to each disease, but also identified a handful of experimental corn lines that were resistant to all of them. These findings should help the industry develop materials with resistance to multiple diseases at once,” said Tiffany Jamann, senior author of the new study and associate professor in the Department of Crop Sciences, part of the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES) at U. of I.

The team made several strategic crosses between disease-resistant and susceptible corn lines that let them map resistance traits to specific locations in the genome. For now, those regions are fairly large, comprising hundreds of individual genes. If there are specific genes with outsized effects, they haven’t been identified yet. 

Still, identifying important regions is helpful, as disease resistance rarely comes down to a single gene. In fact, the additive or quantitative power of multiple genes working together can mean more durable resistance. There’s a backup if a pathogen finds a way around a given resistance mechanism. Interestingly, this durability may even work against different groups of pathogens. 

“We found 19 regions associated with resistance to the bacterial disease Goss’s wilt. Several of those regions are also involved with resistance to fungal pathogens,” Jamann said. “Thus, it is possible to breed for resistance to several diseases at one time using the same genetic regions.”

Fungi and bacteria are very different biologically, but both have to find ways to get into the plant, travel throughout, and reproduce. Jamann says it’s possible that resistance genes trigger changes in the plant’s vasculature to make it harder for both kinds of pathogens to move around, but she still can’t say exactly how the genes help plants protect themselves. She’s working on it, though, thanks to a 2022 grant from the National Science Foundation.  

Although the team identified three corn lines with resistance to all four diseases, it will be a while before growers can purchase seed for multiple-resistant corn as a result of this work. First, Jamann’s team will fine-map the regions highlighted in this study to find any major-effect genes, then pass that information off to breeders who can develop hardy new hybrids. Still, Jamann says, multiple resistance is on its way.  

The study, “Identification of loci conferring resistance to four foliar diseases of maize,” is published in G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics [DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad275]. Authors include Yuting Qiu, Pragya Adhikari, Peter Balint-Kurti, and Tiffany Jamann. The research was supported by USDA Hatch Project ILLU-802-985 and the National Science Foundation under award no. 2154872. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


JOURNAL

G3 Genes Genomes Genetics

DOI

10.1093/g3journal/jkad275 

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible f

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India: National speed breeding crop facility inaugurated

Union Minister of Science & Technology, Dr. Jitendra Singh today inaugurated the first-of- its-kind “National Speed Breeding Crop Facility” at the premier National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) in Mohali.

Speaking on the occasion as chief guest, Dr. Jitendra Singh said, “this initiative is in line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s priority of doubling the farmer`s Income, ensuring their economic empowerment and promoting Agri-StartUps”. He said, farmers will now have the opportunity to improve their crop qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Dr. Jitendra Singh said, “Biotechnology speedy seeds facility will cater to all the States of India, but it will especially be useful for the North Indian States like Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and the UT of J&K. Adding further, he said, “this facility will augment transformational changes in crop improvement programs by accelerating the development of advanced crop varieties that could sustain climate change and contribute to the food and nutritional demand of the population with implementation of speed breeding cropping methods.”

The Minister said, “DBT institute of NABI has developed technology of ‘Climate- resistant crops’, by harnessing these technologies the farmers will not be restrained to cultivate a crop in a particular season rather they will have the liberty to practise farming irrespective of climate conduciveness”.

Dr. Jitendra Singh, while highlighting the recent achievements of institutes under the Ministry of Science & Technology, said, “Our institutes have specialized technologies in fruit, flowers, and crop cultivation through modern genetic means.” He recalled the success of ‘Tulip’ Cultivation by CSIR Palampur, and he also recalled the development of ‘108-petal lotus’ by CSIR Lucknow, which won an award in the TV series KBC. He further emphasized that applying the latest technology in the farming sector will add to the country’s economic growth by supplementing modern Science and Technology tools to the traditional vocation of farming in India.

“Bio-manufacturing and Bio-foundry will drive India’s future bio-economy and promote Green Growth,” said Dr. Jitendra Singh. According to him, the Ministry is working with a synergy and integrative approach, keeping in view the emphasis of PM Modi on combining Science and Technology with traditional knowledge to supplement India’s economy.

Dr. Jitendra Singh also highlighted the fact that under PM Modi, “India’s bio-economy has grown 13 folds in the last 10 years from $10 billion in 2014 to over $130 billion in 2024”.

Addressing the inauguration, Dr. Jitendra Singh said, “In the 3rd consecutive term of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has been projected to emerge as the 3rd largest economy of the world and rise to be the largest in coming years. Contribution of the agriculture sector will therefore be crucial for the Indian economy”.

Dr. Jitendra Singh informed that the Modi Government is conscious of the importance of Bio-economy, and thus, the recent ‘Vote of Account-Budget’ had a provision for a special scheme for Bio-manufacturing.

According to Dr. Jitendra Singh, institutes like NABI will have an important role to enable the transformational progress and value addition in farming sector productivity.

The facility will directly help a) Scientists and Researchers from government institutions, private institutions, and leading industries in India engaged in agricultural and biotechnology research and development of improved crop varieties and products, b) Plant Breeders working for crop development, and c) Progressive farmers who are contributing to adoption of new varieties with superior yield and nutritional traits.

In his address, Prof. Ashwani Pareek, Executive Director, NABI, said the speed breeding crop facility will be used to develop new varieties such as wheat, rice, soybean, pea, tomato, etc., by using a precisely controlled environment (light, humidity, temperature) to achieve more than four generations of a crop per year.

The NABI institute has significantly contributed to ‘Atal Jai Anusandhan Biotech (UNaTI) Mission (Poshan Abhiyan) and Biotech Kisan Hubs for Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana etc, he said.Publication date: Tue 12 Mar 2024

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Thursday, 08 February 2024 08:24:54

PestNet

Grahame Jackson posted a new submission ‘If plants can pick fungi to help fight pests and diseases, it opens a door to greener farming and ecosystem recovery’

Submission

If plants can pick fungi to help fight pests and diseases, it opens a door to greener farming and ecosystem recovery

The Conversation

Just beneath your feet, an ancient and silent alliance endures. This alliance between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is one of the oldest biological partnerships on Earth.

Going back almost half-a-billion years, this relationship paved the way for plants to make it onto land. These early plants, simple and without the complex root systems of plants today, forged an alliance with fungi. This alliance has been instrumental to the evolution of plant life and has helped shape our ecosystems.

Read on: https://theconversation.com/if-plants-can-pick-fungi-to-help-fight-pests-and-diseases-it-opens-a-door-to-greener-farming-and-ecosystem-recovery-221994


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Saturday, 03 February 2024 08:23:00

PestNet

Grahame Jackson posted a new submission ‘That sharp, green smell of freshly cut grass? It’s a plant’s cry for help – and it may work as a less toxic pesticide for farmers’

Submission

That sharp, green smell of freshly cut grass? It’s a plant’s cry for help – and it may work as a less toxic pesticide for farmers

The Conversation

Have you ever wondered about that sharp, green note that hits your nose when you mow the lawn or cut flower stems? Those are green leaf volatiles, or GLVs: easily evaporated oils that plants use to communicate with other plants and defend themselves against herbivores or pathogens like bacteria or fungi.

Almost every green plant can quickly synthesize and release GLVs when attacked, both directly warding off attackers as well as indirectly attracting predators of herbivores like insects and priming the plant’s other defense mechanisms. Researchers know that GLVs play an important role in protecting plants, but how they work remains unclear.

I am a biochemistry researcher, and through a collaboration between the Wang Lab and Stratmann Lab of the University of South Carolina, my colleagues and I study how plant cells deploy green leaf volatiles. In our recently published research, we identified the potential signaling pathways GLVs use to induce defense responses in tomato cells. Our ultimate goal is to figure out ways to use GLVs to control agricultural pests for cleaner farming.

Read on: https://theconversation.com/that-sharp-green-smell-of-freshly-cut-grass-its-a-plants-cry-for-help-and-it-may-work-as-a-less-toxic-pesticide-for-farmers-204673

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GMO bananas get the green light in Aus, NZ

Gerhard Uys

February 22, 2024

First genetically modified banana approved for growth in Australia and possible sale in NZ.

The GM banana plants contain an introduced gene from wild banana Musa acuminata subspecies malaccensis

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Food Standards Australia New Zealand has approved a genetically modified banana for sale as food in Australia and New Zealand. 

The announcement comes as the Australian Department of Health and Aged Care said a licence was granted to allow the Australian Queensland University of Technology (QUT) to commercially cultivate GM banana plants modified for resistance to the fungal disease Fusarium wilt, also known as Panama disease.

In Australia, Panama disease affects a number of banana plantations in the Northern Territory and Queensland.

The Panama disease fungus persists in soil for decades and there are no effective control measures, the department said. 

“The licence allows GM banana plants [to be] grown in all banana growing areas in Australia, subject to restrictions in some states and territories for marketing reasons,” the department said.

The QUT does not intend the GM banana plants to replace the current Cavendish banana cultivars growing in Australia, but wanted to create a safety net to the Australian banana industry should it be heavily impacted by Panama disease.

“The Regulator has not imposed any specific measures to manage risk, as the risk assessment concluded that this release of GM banana plants poses negligible risk to the health and safety of people or the environment,” the department said.

The GM banana plants and their products may enter general commerce, including use in human food and animal feed, the department said.

The GM banana plants contain an introduced gene from wild banana Musa acuminata subspecies  malaccensis.  

In NZ, the Ministry for Primary Industries reported that over the past five years NZ imported 99.8 tonnes of bananas from Australia, with an import value of  $550,422, the majority dried bananas.

A spokesperson for Woolworths NZ said it does not import bananas from Australia, and that the several thousand tonnes of bananas it does import are under certifications that prohibited GMOs.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) did not respond to specific questions but pointed to its website that had information on the approval.

“Australian and New Zealand food ministers [were notified] of the decision on 16 February 2024. Food ministers have 60 days to consider the approval. If they do not request a review, the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code will be amended to permit the sale and use of food derived from the banana,” the website says.

“QUT has indicated there are no immediate plans to commercialise the GM banana in Australia as Panama disease is currently contained and effectively managed in the domestic industry.

“FSANZ safety assessment found food derived from banana line QCAV-4 is as safe and nutritious as comparable conventional banana already in the Australian and New Zealand food supply.” 

The GM bananas and any derived food products will be subject to mandatory GM labelling. 

However, “food intended for immediate consumption that is prepared and sold from food premises and vending vehicles (for example restaurants, takeaway food outlets and caterers) is exempt from GM food labelling requirements. In these cases the consumer can seek information about the food from the food business,” the FSANZ  website says.

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JANUARY 24, 2024

 Editors’ notes

Talking tomatoes: How their communication is influenced by enemies and friends

by Ananya Sen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

tomato plant
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Plants produce a range of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds that influence their interactions with the world around them. In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have investigated how the type and amount of these VOCs change based on different features of tomato plants.

The research is published in the Journal of Chemical Ecology.

The smell of cut grass is one of the defining fragrances of summer. Smells like that are one of the ways plants signal their injury. Because they cannot run away from danger, plants have evolved to communicate with each other using chemical signals. They use VOCs for a variety of reasons: to help prepare their own defenses, to warn each other of threats, to recruit beneficial soil microbes that can help plants grow, and to alert insect predators that there is a pest chewing on that plant’s leaves.

“When a caterpillar chews on a leaf, the plant sends out a signal that calls out to the caterpillar’s predators. It’s like a billboard that tells them where lunch is,” said Erinn Dady, a graduate student in the Ngumbi lab.

Studying the factors that influence VOC emissions, therefore, is key to understanding plant health. In the past, other studies have looked at how soil microbes like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or caterpillars or the variety of tomato plant can influence VOCs. In the current study, the researchers studied the collective influence of all these factors on plant chemistry using four tomato varieties—two heirlooms and two hybrids.

“Previous studies looked at tomato varieties that are grown conventionally at a massive scale for processing, and are not usually grown by small farmers, so we decided to ask Illinois farmers what they grow. Based on their feedback, we chose tomato varieties that are commonly grown in central Illinois,” Dady said. The hybrids used were Mountain Fresh and Valley Girl, and the organic heirlooms were Amish Paste and Cherokee Purple.

The researchers compared the responses of untreated plants to those that had been exposed to AMF, caterpillars, or both. They studied the VOCs by enclosing the eight-week-old tomato plants with an odor-blocking oven bag for an hour. They drew out the air around the plants and analyzed the different chemicals produced by each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry.

The AMF and the caterpillars, separately, decreased the volatile emissions in all four varieties of tomato plants. Their effect when present together was minimal compared to the effects when either one was present.

Although it is unclear why the beneficial fungal associations decreased the VOCs, it is concerning that the plants were not as responsive to the caterpillars. Furthermore, the hybrid tomatoes emitted lower quantities of volatiles compared to the heirloom tomatoes.

Talking tomatoes: How their communication is influenced by enemies and friends
Esther Ngumbi, left, and Erinn Dady studied the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, caterpillars, and the variety of tomato plants on plant chemistry. Credit: Fred Zwicky

“Heirloom tomatoes—the big, juicy tomatoes we all love—are bred for flavor. Meanwhile, hybrids are grown for large scale conventional production, which comes at a cost to the plant,” said Esther Ngumbi (CIS/MMG), an assistant professor of integrative biology. “Our work suggests that we are compromising plant defenses through our breeding processes.”

The plants were also evaluated based on their growth both above the ground and in the soil. The researchers found that plants that had associations with the fungi had higher leaf biomass and more complex root structures.

“AMF form partnerships in over 80% of the land plants, setting up a trade where the fungi extract nutrients from the soil in exchange for carbon from plants,” Dady said. “We found that especially in Cherokee Purple, AMF may confer additional benefits, including enhanced growth and greater emission of VOCs.”

Surprisingly, the plants that were treated with caterpillars had greater plant growth.

“These plants had more biomass in both their roots and above the ground, which seems counterintuitive because they’ve actively been eaten. I would assume they would have less biomass,” Dady said. “It is possible that the caterpillars triggered a growth response, similar to how you prune a tree to make it produce new growth.”

The researchers are interested in further investigating the growth response to caterpillars.

“It’s possible that the plants decided that the number of caterpillars we were using were not sufficient to be considered a threat and that’s why they kept growing. It is also possible that the caterpillars weren’t hungry enough to cause enough damage,” Ngumbi said.

“There’s a lot going on behind the scenes that we don’t yet understand. For example, we are barely scratching the surface in understanding the role of different microbes,” Dady said. “People tend to think that plants are not intelligent, but our studies have shown that they are actively responding to the environment around them using chemistry.”

“We are trying to spread the gospel of plant chemistry, it’s the language plants use to communicate and we are excited to learn more,” Ngumbi said.

More information: Erinn R. Dady et al, Plant Variety, Mycorrhization, and Herbivory Influence Induced Volatile Emissions and Plant Growth Characteristics in Tomato, Journal of Chemical Ecology (2023). DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01455-w

Provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 


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Syngenta:

“Even more ToBRFV-resistant tomato varieties in 2024”

“The ToBRFV virus is already widespread in several countries bordering France,” explains Céline Labourey, project manager for solanaceous disease resistance. “For the time being, we remain protected, thanks in particular to the prophylactic measures put in place by growers, but pressure is increasing at borders. The sale of potentially contaminated products, such as fruit in transit through France, calls for us to remain extremely vigilant. As a seed company, our strategy is to offer resistant varieties as quickly as possible, while at the same time working on more durable and stable solutions for this pathogen, as well as for other diseases.

Generalizing resistance to ToBRFV
Climundo, the first grape tomato resistant to Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV), marketed this year in France, has paved the way. Other new products in this segment are expected next season. They are currently being tested in France’s main production regions.

Very soon, Syngenta’s offer will include even greater resistance to ToBRFV, but also other biotic stresses. All analyses show that the ToBRFV virus is not the only pathogen detected in infected crops, which means that we need to secure a broader spectrum of resistance,” explain Céline Labourey and Hervé Bonich, Solanaceae Product Manager. Although this virus is currently a major concern, other diseases and pests remain at the heart of our discovery projects.”

“Resistance without compromising performance”
Syngenta will be offering Duelle and Bamano continuity in 2024, elongated cherries for yield and taste quality, as well as ToBRFV-resistant rootstocks. “We want to deliver a product that corresponds to the market without making concessions on performance in terms of yield, color, and taste quality”, explains Hervé Bonich.

Genetics, biovigilance, and prophylaxis
Genetic resistance is an essential asset in protecting French tomatoes from ToBRFV and other pathogens: it is one of the cornerstones of the strategy for dealing with infections. Agricultural practices, prophylaxis, and phytosanitary crop monitoring complete this approach. “Tobamoviruses, which include ToBRFV and TMV, spread mechanically,” says Céline Labourey. So propagation is very rapid, and the virus is very stable, even on inert substrates.

A new range of varieties resistant to cladosporiosis
Syngenta is also developing cladosporium-resistant varieties to complete its protection offer for varieties such as Bamano, for example. New genes are arriving with a superior resistance spectrum.

Syngenta Vegetable Seeds inaugurates a new breeding center in Spain
On February 15, Syngenta inaugurated a modernized R&D center in El Ejido, Almería, Spain, in the heart of Almeria. Located in El Ejido, this global breeding innovation center plays a key role in Syngenta’s ability to supply top-quality vegetable seeds to growers in Spain and abroad. The main vegetable crops bred at the center are tomatoes, capsicums, cucumbers, zucchinis, and melons.

Syngenta’s El Ejido site was established in 1983 and currently employs 145 people in research and development, production, and sales. The most recent investment of $3 million covers a series of improvements to the site, which centralizes seed activities in Europe, enabling Syngenta to better meet growers’ needs.

In addition to El Ejido, Syngenta has also invested in the expansion of breeding operations in other regions of Spain. These include a new trial site in La Puebla, Murcia, which focuses on leafy crops and brassicas. Syngenta’s commitment to bringing its activities closer to growers is an important step in fostering customer focus throughout the organization.

For more information:
syngentavegetables

Publication date: Mon 26 Feb 2024

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